Barrow Centenary Pageant

Other names

  • Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967.

Pageant type

Jump to Summary

Performances

Place: Craven Park (Barrow-In-Furness) (Barrow-In-Furness, Lancashire, England)

Year: 1967

Indoors/outdoors: Unknown

Number of performances: 3

Notes

12–16 June 1967, at 7pm

The pageant took place on Monday 12th, Wednesday 14th and Friday 16th June at 7pm.1

The local venue for the pageant was Craven Park, which was, and remains in 2016, a rugby football stadium.

Historically, Barrow was within the county of Lancashire, but became part of Cumbria following local government reform in the 1970s. 

Name of pageant master and other named staff

  • Producer [Pageant Master]: Towler, John L.
  • Site manager: Derek Owens
  • Site manager: Gordon McGregor
  • Properties: Philip Eaton
  • Design of panoramic screen: Art teachers and children of Secondary Schools
  • Sound: Barrow Sound Track Club
  • Costumes: Dorothy Towler
  • Costumes: Nellie Smith (Nottingham) Ltd
  • Musical arrangement: Gilbert Uren
  • Front of House: Boy Scouts Association
  • Lighting: Andrew Wilde
  • Producer of episodes 1 & 2: Kay Humphries
  • Producer of episodes 3 & 4: Cyril Dent
  • Producer of episodes 5 & 7: Gillian Dymock

Notes

Named individuals were also members of a centenary pageant committee (see Centenary Pageant Committee below). There was an overall producer for the pageant, but some episodes also had an additional named producer.

Names of executive committee or equivalent

Centenary Pageant Committee

  • Chairman: John L. Towler
  • Treasurer: L. Moon
  • Norah Seddon [script and research]
  • Derek Owens [site manager]
  • Gordon McGregor [site manager]
  • Philip Eaton [properties]
  • Art teachers and children of Secondary Schools [design of panoramic screen]
  • [Members of] Barrow Sound Track Club
  • Dorothy Towler [Costumes]
  • Nellie Smith (Nottingham) Ltd. [Costumes]
  • Gilbert Uren [musical arrangement]
  • [Members of] Boy Scouts Association
  • Andrew Wilde [Lighting]
  • Donald McKechnie [Adviser]
  • Barrow Head Teachers' Representative

Pageant Finance Committee

  • Chairman: Ald. G. Hastwell, OBE

Notes

Although details supplied in the pageant programme are a little unclear as to the committees involved with this pageant, it seems that the named persons who worked on the event also formed the membership of the Centenary Pageant Committee, although this is not made explicit. Where organisations are listed, it is assumed that several representatives from these sat on the committee although these persons are not named individually. The Pageant Master is described as having the entire production under his direction; therefore, in the absence of a named chairman it is assumed he fulfilled this role on the pageant committee. There was also an executive in charge of finance; its chairman was a local councillor and members are specified as being employees of several council offices including the treasurer's department, transport department and the town clerk's department.2

Names of script-writer(s) and other credited author(s)

  • Seddon, Norah

Notes

Norah Seddon is described as responsible for the 'script and research'.3 In the pageant programme thanks were also given to the following:

Mr F. Barnes and the staff of Barrow Public Library for help and information; Mr Jack Mowat, 26 Fife Street, Barrow for the loan of books and documents on early Barrow and ‘the hungry years’; J. D. Marshall, PhD., University of Lancaster; William Rollinson, University of Liverpool; Mr R. Sankey; Lt. Cdr. Ponsonby, (HMS Resolution) for advice on the Mayfly launch; Barrow News and Mail Ltd. for access to newspaper files.4

Names of composers

n/a

Numbers of performers

1000

The exact number of performers is not known; but many local organisations were involved; and if those taking part in the final procession are included, the overall number is not likely to be less that 1000, although this is a best guess estimate. A press report commented that the performers taking part included 'many schoolchildren'. Organisations whose members took part as performers included the following: St James, Church of England; St Mary's R.C. Church; St George's, Church of England; The Presbyterian Church; The Methodist Church; Abbey Road Baptist Church; Barrow Chamber of Trade; Nellie English dancers; Barrow Townswomen's Guild; Abbey Musical Society; Elizabethan Players; Ulverston outsiders' Dramatic Society; Barrow Amateur Operatic Society.

Financial information

Object of any funds raised

Local charities.

Notes

Advertisements for the pageant note 'All Proceeds to Local Charities'. These organisations are not specified.

Linked occasion

Centenary of the town's incorporation as a borough.

Audience information

  • Grandstand: Yes
  • Grandstand capacity: 7000
  • Total audience: n/a

Notes

The local press reported an audience of 'several hundred' attended on Monday 12 June.7 The pageant was held in a sports' stadium that had a stand with seating and terraces for standing spectators; its capacity at the time is thought to be c7000.

Prices of admission and seats: highest–lowest

5s–1s.3d

Seating in the grandstand cost 5s; standing tickets were 2s. 6d. Children and OAPs were admitted at half-price to both.8

Associated events

The pageant was part of a week-long programme of events. Included within these was a centenary thanksgiving service conducted by the Bishop of Carlisle on Sunday 18 June 1967.9 Princess Margaret made a tour of the town on 'Centenary Day', Tuesday 13 June 1967.10

Pageant outline

Prologue. The 1840s: A Town Is Born

Kay Humphries produced the prologue. A synopsis of the episode is outlined in the pageant programme as follows:

Children of Barrow today draw a map of the Furness Peninsula yesterday, when Barrow was a tiny village. Captain James Barrow, a local ship's captain who later became a schoolmaster, introduces Mr Henry William Schneider, who came to the Furness Peninsula in 1839 to prospect for iron ore.

Schneider and the other ironmasters built the Furness Railway in 1846, to carry ore to the little port of Barrow, and brought here Mr James Ramsden, a clever young man of 23, to run the railway for them. Ramsden and Scheider were the ‘founding fathers’ of Barrow; from their vision and enterprise, backed by the local landowners (the Cavendish family and the Duke of Buccleuch) sprang the town of Barrow.

In addition to named characters, children from Barrow Island County Junior School and Walney County Secondary School took part; only one child had a speaking part. The programme specifies that a model of the original railway engine employed by the ironmasters, and nicknamed 'Coppernob', was used in the scene. British Railways loaned this item.11

Episode I. 1867: A Town Comes Of Age

The episode had 16 adult performers and 2 child actors in named roles, with a larger number of adults and children also involved in non-speaking parts. The scene featured the Barrow Shipyard Band. The narrator for this episode was the character of Joseph Richardson who in 1867 was the editor of the Barrow Times newspaper. Among the other named characters are various townspeople and also the Duke of Devonshire. The episode's producer was Kay Humphries. The drama is summarised in the pageant programme as follows:

Barrow now had a population of 20,000, its growing industries dominated by the Haematite Iron and Steel Company and the Furness Railway Company. But the town was still officially part of Dalton, and it was not until 1867 that a petition to Queen Victoria gave Barrow the liberty to manage its own affairs. On June 13th, 1867 the town became a Borough with its own Council and local Government Officers, and, later the same year, the celebrations continued with the opening of the Devonshire Dock, first in a chain intended to make Barrow into another Liverpool.

Children from Vickerstown County Junior School performed 'Sports'. No further details of the action has come to light, but it is assumed that this took the form of some sort of celebration of the establishment of the borough in which the Duke of Devonshire took a leading part.12

Episode II. The 1870s: Growing Pains

The character of Joseph Richardson (the local newspaper's editor) again narrated this episode. The pageant programme provides this summary:

In the 1870s new buildings went up everywhere—churches (the Dukes and the business men gave large donations); schools: workers' flats in Hindpool and on Barrow Island; the new Working Men's Club and Institute in Abbey Road, to which Mr Schneider and the steelworks contributed handsomely; and the Public Baths, the gift of Mr James Ramsden. Mr Ramsden was Sir James now. Three times Mayor of the Borough, he was knighted in 1872, shortly after the unveiling of his own statue in the town centre, the gift of grateful townspeople. The town owed him its fine wide streets and many of its industries; but behind the handsome facade there was dirt, disease and overcrowding. Men and women worked long hours for small pay, and Trade Unionism, the working man's road to better conditions, was taking shape.

In addition to the characters of Richardson and Ramsden, also featured in this episode were 'members of the Corporation', 'children of Holker Street Board School', 'Jute workers', a Bishop, a newsboy, two 'Drunks' and women of the 'Band of Hope Ladies'. A choir made up of boys from the Grammar School and Barrow Working Men's Club provided singing.13

Episode III. 1881: The Launch of the City of Rome

Scene I. The Launch

Cyril Dent produced both scenes in this episode. Within the stage scenery for the first scene, use was made of a 'Profile' of a liner called the 'City of Rome' (built at Barrow and launched in 1881). Staff at Vickers Ltd built the model of the ship used in the episode, which re-enacted its launch. The ‘City of Rome’ was built for the Inman line and was intended to be used in the Trans-Atlantic express run, but ‘was disappointing in performance’. Few details of the drama have been recovered, but it is assumed that this episode showed the ceremony associated with the launch of this prestigious vessel, which later had a chequered history.14 The owner of Barrow Shipyard—the Duke of Devonshire—was part of the drama, as was former mayor Sir James Ramsden who acted as narrator throughout, and the industrialist Henry William Schneider. The character of Charles Inman, as a representative of the Shipping Agents, also appeared. Local sea cadets had non-speaking roles in the episode and the Barrow Shipyard Band played.

Scene II. A Soiree at Abbotswood, 1887

Dancers took part in this episode which enacted a social gathering at Sir James Ramsden's mansion house. Members of the local branch of the Townswomen's Guild played 'Ladies of the Soiree'. The scene appears to have been a pretext for introducing the character of Thorsen Nordenfeldt. Nordenfeldt supplied patents for submarines to the Barrow Shipbuilding company, which marked the beginning of their association with this type of naval manufacturing. Miss Ida MacDonald arranged the dancing. A number of local figures were depicted but it is unclear in which scene they had a part; these included the mayor, Alderman Fell and 'Miss Schneider', presumably a descendant of Henry William Schneider.15

Episode IV. 1900: The Turn of the Century

Cyril Dent produced the episode, which included a series of tableaux meant to represent 'a new spirit' in Barrow by 1900. Not all depictions represented joyful aspects of the town. In the programme the following are mentioned: soup kitchens in the street, 'khaki fever' as a result of the Boer War; the unopposed return of the Conservative MP Sir Charles Cayzer; eggs being thrown at public meetings; and the fact that Queen Victoria is still on the throne. Newsvendors appeared in these tableaux, presumably calling out news of contemporary events; and members of the King's Own Royal Border regiment played the parts of a local army volunteer force for the South African war. The only notable named characters to appear were Major General Baden Powell and 'Baroness Hayashi'.16 The St Andrew's Pipe Band contributed music and there was some kind of display involving decorated bicycles. The programme states that 'theatrical episodes' were by Frank Farish, George Arnold, Eileen Artis, Alan Westall and Denis Webb'; no further details of these are provided.17

Interval

There was a 15-minute interval during which time refreshments were sold and the Barrow Shipyard Band provided music.18

Episode V. 1911: The Mayfly Disaster

Gillian Dymock produced this episode, and the character of James McKechnie (general manager of the shipyard at the time) narrated it. Vickers Ltd again built a half size model, this time of the airship Mayfly. Vickers had manufactured this craft for the British Navy during the arms race that took place between Germany and Britain in the years before the First World War. During initial trials, the Mayfly met with an accident as it was being moved from its hangar, causing the aircraft to fracture into two parts: it never saw a flight. No details of the drama enacted are included in the programme but it is assumed this told the story of the airship's sad fate. The Barrow Sea Cadets again took part in non-speaking roles; and in addition to McKechnie, the episode had only three further other named characters.19

Episode VI. 1914-1918: The First World War

The narrator for this episode was the pageant master—John Towler. It is presumed he also produced it. The episode appears to have had two scenes, although it is possible they were presented together on the arena. The first featured women at work (probably making ammunition at Vickers). The drama contained dancers trained by Nellie English. Members of the Townswomen's Guild played other women workers. The second scene dramatised an attack on German trenches: this was performed by troops from the Kings' Own Border Regiment. Barrow Army Cadet Band provided music.20

Episode VI. 1922-1924—The Hungry Years

Gillian Dymock produced this episode; the characters of Sir James McKechnie and Commander Charles Craven provided narration. The synopsis provided in the pageant programme suggests that the drama consisted of a sketch picturing the turmoil of this time and states that Barrow was among the worst hit of British towns by the depression in trade. Although no description of the drama is provided, the following commentary is made in the pageant programme:

These were the days of the notorious ‘gap’ in unemployment pay; of Relief Work which employed men at starvation rates to build many of the amenities the town enjoys today--the Coast Road, the Park extension and boating lake, Ocean Road and the Promenade on Walney, and the open air swimming pool. These were the days of starving children; water supply cut off from Barrow homes because the water rates were unpaid; of hunger marches, and riots in the street.21

Episode VIII. ‘A North West Town’ in 1939-45

This episode emphasised 'youth and it values', and 'some of the events' enacted were performed through 'song, dance and mime' by children of Risedale County Secondary School. The synopsis provided in the pageant programme highlights the fact that Barrow was busy during the war years, but also that the Luftwaffe bombed the town because of its status as manufacturer of naval vessels. Also mentioned was a ceremony where £5000 raised by Barrow's Anglo-Russian Friendship Committee was handed over to a visiting Soviet airman called Boris Shevstov: the money was intended to buy a Hurricane fighter plane. It is assumed therefore, that the drama included some kind of re-enactment of an air raid and of the ceremony attending the gift of this money, though no firm details are included in the text. The choreographer for the performance was Barbara Edwards.22

A Parade of Industry Today.

The pageant ended with a display provided by industries and organisations in the town. Details of these are not included in the programme; however, photographic evidence suggests this included representation by local Churches.23

Key historical figures mentioned

  • Schneider, Henry William (1817–1887) industrialist and politician
  • Ramsden, Sir James (1822–1896) civil engineer and civic leader
  • Cavendish, William, seventh duke of Devonshire (1808–1891) landowner and industrialist
  • Powell, Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-, first Baron Baden-Powell (1857–1941) army officer and founder of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides
  • Cayzer, Sir Charles William, first baronet (1843–1916) shipowner and businessman

Musical production

Music was provided live by the Barrow Shipyard Band (episodes 1, 3 and during the interval); the St Andrew's Pipe Band (episode 4), and Barrow Army Cadet Band (episode 6). A choir made up of boys from the Grammar School and Barrow Working Men's Club provided singing in episode 2.

The text of a song called 'Barrow by the Irish Sea' is included on the back cover of the pageant programme. The words are by Joan Trent; and it is indicated that the song is intended to be sung to the tune of 'Does Your Chewing Gum Lose its Flavour on the Bedpost Overnight' (made famous by the skittle artist Lonnie Donegan in the late 1950s). This song may have been played and sung at the conclusion of the pageant.

Newspaper coverage of pageant

North West Evening Mail
Barrow News
Manchester Guardian

Book of words

n/a

A book of words was not produced.

Other primary published materials

  • Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme. Barrow-in-Furness, 1967.

References in secondary literature

n/a

Archival holdings connected to pageant

  • The Cumbria Archive Service, Barrow has four copies of Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme 1/- (Barrow, 1967); also, a selection of black and white photographs of the pageant, all of these items are included in a number of different accessions carrying either the prefix BDX or BLC.

Sources used in preparation of pageant

  • ‘Furness and the Industrial Revolution (Marshall)’24
  • ‘Barrow and District: an Illustrated History (Barnes)’25
  • ‘Barrow-in-Furness--its History (Richardson)’26
  • ‘“Fifty Years Anniversary” (written by Mowat and Power for Barrow Labour Party)’
  • ‘“History of Airships” (Clarke)’27
  • Also 'Early Council minutes, newspaper files, and the extensive "local collection" of books and documents in Barrow Reference Library.'28

Where fuller publication details have been identified, these are included in footnotes.

Summary

By the late 1960s the glory days of historical pageantry were over, but the adaptability of the genre meant that pageants still regularly took place. In some parts of the UK, celebrating the past through staging a pageant still had purchase, and this was definitely the case in Barrow-in-Furness. With a history only one short century long, the town was determined to make a pageant the centrepiece of its centenary celebrations. For a settlement like Barrow, demonstrating that its history did have 'a real meaning' was of importance in terms of civic pride.29 The local newspaper in Furness stated that a 'great feeling of pride and loyalty swelled the hearts of Barrovians' when they witnessed their pageant.30

Unfortunately, this significant industrial town tucked away in a somewhat remote part of north-west England was not known as a cultural hotspot and its centenary, not to mention its pageant, received little outside interest in 1967. Instead, these events proceeded as insular affairs: if they were meant to alert the rest of the country to the one hundred year anniversary, this was never likely to be a successful venture. It is often joked that there is only a single road that both goes in and out of Barrow: for by land, this is not an especially accessible part of the country. When early Victorian industrialists first exploited iron ore deposits in what was then a rural backwater, those who arrived in the wake of this in order to meet the needs of industry and gain employment, tended to stay. Thus, the town that grew up was a planned venture built specifically to meet the needs of workers, and one where almost everyone was an incomer—whether from near or far. There were further powerful reasons for people to remain, for although living conditions were notoriously poor, there was relatively stable employment in the industries that later grew. One hundred years after the town achieved official recognition and borough status, the descendants of such migrants felt they had a stake in the history of this place. Moreover, the notion that Barrow was a cultural wasteland is refuted by examination of the town's centenary celebrations, in which a plethora of civic institutions and organisations took an enthusiastic part.

Unlike Barrow's much bigger cousin—the maritime city of Liverpool—no attempt was made to finesse the fact that there was not a lengthy history to celebrate. In 1907, Liverpool had gone all out to show that despite the city being a relatively recent development, this part of England had a much longer significance in the national story, and indeed, had played a critical part in Britain's imperial rise. Six decades later, in post-imperial Britain, this type of colonial jingoism would not have been appropriate. Nonetheless, Barrow made the most of its key role in successive wars—from the Boer War through to World War II. Three of its episodes were centrally concerned with Barrow's wartime contribution through its niche industries that were so important to Britain's defences. Significantly though, all of the episodes, whether centrally concerned with the products of industry in Barrow's shipbuilding yards or with Barrow's military connections, also had a political strain running through them. A specific focus seems to have been the town’s history of poor working conditions and poverty, though the local press did comment (in an otherwise glowing article) that the 'hungry years' of interwar depression 'were skipped over rather to[sic] briefly'.31

The surviving records relating to this pageant give few details of the drama of each episode. However, the summaries provided in the programme do provide glimpses of what appears to have been running themes in respect of a gradual shift in party political allegiances locally, campaigns against poverty, and the social impact of war on the town. Some photographs of the pageant preserved at the Cumbria Record Office show the sheer enjoyment of taking part etched on the faces of performers. One image of women temperance campaigners, for example, displays these ladies waving their placards saying 'Down With Demon Drink' and wielding folded umbrellas in a far from demure manner! 32 The local newspaper stated that overall, the pageant had told 'the story of Barrow in an interesting and sometimes amusing way'. The paper also commented that pageant organisers had combated successfully all the known perils of performing in the open air: there was effective amplification, the locally-made stage scenery was impressive, and the numerous schoolchildren taking part were 'exceptionally well trained'.33 The props made by the town's major employer—Vickers Ltd—deserve a mention, for these models of an ocean going liner and a pioneer British airship do sound striking.

Surviving photographs suggest the weather was good, and in the absence of evidence to the contrary we must assume that the pageant was supported locally. No details about overall attendance or financial success have been recovered. However, if the achievement of a pageant can be measured by efforts made to tell an authentic history and the willing contribution of wide sections of local society, this pageant does seem to have been a late triumph of the genre. This was a performance that unashamedly followed the remit of being a centenary civic event; no effort was made to step beyond the boundaries of the one hundred year old history of this place and its people. Moreover, while the story told praised the town's great men and their achievements, it was inclusive of the lives of ordinary people and even tried to say something of their struggles. It is a good example of the evolution of historical pageantry in the UK; but it also had the essential traditions of pageantry at its heart wherein people came together 'in a single production' and made 'an impact' within their own community through celebrating its past.34

Footnotes

  1. ^ Advertisement, North West Evening Mail, 9 June 1967, 23.
  2. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 7.
  3. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 7.
  4. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 8.
  5. ^ 'Barrow's Century of Achievement', North West Evening Mail, 13 June 1967, 3.
  6. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 7.
  7. ^ 'Barrow's Century of Achievement', North West Evening Mail, 13 June 1967, 3.
  8. ^ Advertisement, North West Evening Mail, 9 June 1967, 23.
  9. ^ See 'Centenary Thanksgiving' North West Evening Mail 19 June 1967, 3.
  10. ^ 'Children Speak in French for Princess', Guardian 14 June 1967, 16.
  11. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 2 & 7.
  12. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 2.
  13. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 3.
  14. ^ For a summary of the fate of the City of Rome liner see Grace's Guide to the Industrial History of Britain, accessed 6 July 2016 at: http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/SS_City_of_Rome
  15. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 3-4.
  16. ^ Little information about Baroness Hayashi has been recovered but it is assumed she was the wife of Count Tadasu Hayashi (1850-1913), a Japanese diplomat and statesman; there is no mention of the Count being present.
  17. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 4.
  18. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 5.
  19. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 5.
  20. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 5.
  21. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 6.
  22. ^ Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 6.
  23. ^ A photograph of performers processing shows them carrying a banner with 'Roman Catholics' written on this. Cumbria Archive Service, Barrow, ref: LC200IX/CEN 2/0649.
  24. ^ Identified as: J. D. Marshall, Furness and the Industrial Revolution (Barrow-in-Furness, 1958).
  25. ^ Identified as: F. Barnes, Barrow and District: an Illustrated History (Barrow-in-Furness, 1968).
  26. ^ Identified as: Joseph Richardson, Barrow-in-Furness--its History, Development, Commerce, Industries, and Institutions (Barrow-in-Furness, 1881).
  27. ^ Identified as Basil Clarke , The History of Airships (New York, 1961).
  28. ^ For list of publications see, Centenary Pageant 1867-1967 at Craven Park, June 12th-16th, 1967, programme (Barrow-in-Furness, 1967), 8.
  29. ^ 'Barrow's Century of Achievement', North West Evening Mail 13 June 1967, 3.
  30. ^ Ibid.
  31. ^ Ibid.
  32. ^ Cumbria Record Office, Barrow, ref: LC200IXCEN4/0651.
  33. ^ 'Barrow's Century of Achievement', North West Evening Mail, 13 June 1967, 3.
  34. ^ Ibid.

How to cite this entry

Angela Bartie, Linda Fleming, Mark Freeman, Tom Hulme, Alex Hutton, Paul Readman, ‘Barrow Centenary Pageant’, The Redress of the Past, http://www.historicalpageants.ac.uk/pageants/1260/